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Ik vroeg of het uitmaakt om het materiaal dan maar niet door en door te harden wat wat mogelijk is door het maar een oppervlakte behandeling te geven;Well done on your development work. You have done an excellent job in gettting your engine up and running so well.
Could I perhaps however offer a word of caution over the choice of silver steel for the shaft.
Whilst I agree that silver steel has, at face value, many admirable quality that would suggest it would make a suitable alternative material for shaft construction, you may be overlooking a couple of very important factors.
The advantage of EN24T is not just its hardness or wear resistance, both of which are perhaps exceeded by silver steel, but it is the chracteristic of impact resistance and ductility in EN24T that makes it the most suitable material.
As you know, the GTBA has been around since 1995 and during the intervening years many members have experimented with many different material during their pursuit of the 'perfect design'.
Shafts are particularly difficult components to get just right. If the material is too hard it will typically result in significant and uncontrolable reasonance (it will ring like a bell) unless the shaft dimensions are adjusted to account for the particular material's reasonant frequency. Typically the harder the material the stronger it will ring.
Impact resistance is a very desirable characterisatic and silver steel, which as you know is a high carbon steel, once hardend will become more brittle than EN24T with the significant increase in the likely chance of failure, particularly at the turbine hub where the shaft is shouldered and most vulnerable.
Remember that the thermal cycle of each run will adjust the hardness and temper of the shaft, particularly at that all critial shoulder at the turbine boss.
As an example of shaft experimentation, a few years ago one of our members learned to his cost that a brittle shaft is detrimental to all in the visinity. On that occasion the shaft sheared right at the turbine boss for no apparent reason at full throttle and the turbine came clean out of the back of the engine and made a very impressive score straight across the bonnet of his car, which was parked more than 50 feet away from where he was testing the engine.
Over the years, most materials have been tried, including mild steel, high carbon steels, stainless steels and even titanium all with varying levels and degrees of failure but as yet no one has managed to find a material more suitable than EN24T for this particular component.
I don't like to stiffle experimentation but I would also prefer to advise people to avoid problems that have already been resolved.
It is a quite a difficult question to answer specifically, as the point of greatest stress is the smallest diameter of the shaft, which is situated in the most vulnerable enviroment in terms heat cycle and mechanical stress.
However let's look at the two materials, EN24T and Silver Steel, and see how they compare:-
EN24T is an Alloy Steel where as Silver Steel is a high carbon steel, similar to tool steel.
Typical analysis of EN24T is:-
__C_______Si_______Mn_______Ni________Cr_______Mo
0.40%____0.30%___0.60%____1.50%____1.20%____0.25%
Typical analysis of Silver Steel is:-
__C_______Si_______Mn_______Ni________Cr_______Mo
1.00%____0.30%___0.35%____0.00%____0.40%____0.00%
Instantly you can see the Nickel / Chrome content of EN24T gives a good clue to the high temperature, high tensile strength characteristics ( these are also the primary alloy elements of Inconel ).
EN24 is described as a high quality, high tensile, alloy steel . Usually supplied readily machineable in ‘T’ condition, it combines high tensile strength, shock resistance, good ductility and resistance to wear.
Silver Steel is described as a high carbon steel usually supplied in precision ground bar form. Silver Steel is usually supplied in the annealed condition having an average hardness of 270 brinell (Rockwell C27). To obtain full wear resisting hardness with toughness silver steel may be heat treated up to a maximum hardness of Rockwell C64.
( toughness should not be mistaken for tensile strength )
The significant difference here is that EN24T is high tensile where as Silver Steel is basically just very hard - These characteristicas are not mutually interchangable or compatible.
If we look at the heat treatments characteristics of the two materials
EN24T
Hardening:
Heat uniformly to 823/850°C until heated through. Quench in oil.
Tempering:
Heat uniformly and thoroughly at the selected tempering temperature, up to 660°C and hold at heat for two hours per inch of total thickness. Tempering between 250-375°C in not recommended as this can seriously reduce the steels impact value.
Stress Relieving:
Heat slowly to 650-670°C, soak well before cooling the EN24 tool in a furnace or in air.
Silver Steel
Hardening:
Heat uniformly to 770/780 °C until heated through. Quench in water. Sizes up to 5/16” dia Silver Steel may be oil hardened from 800/810°C.
Tempering:
Heat uniformly and thoroughly at the selected tempering temperatures and hold at heat for an hour (minimum) per inch of total thickness.
Stress Relieving:
None
Proably the interesting issue here is that Sliver Steel does not have a reliable stress relief regime.
Now looking at the Mechanical Properties of EN24T
____________Tensile_______Yield_______Hardness
__Heat______Strength______Stress_______Brinell________Size
Treatment___Rm N/mm²___Re N/mm²____rp0.2 HB_______mm
___T_______850/1000______654________248/302___>150≤250
___T_______850/1000______680________248/302____>63≤250
___U_______925/1075______755________269/331____>29≤100
___V_______1000/1150_____850________293/352____>13≤63
___W______1075/1225______940_______311/375______>6≤29
___X______1150/1300_____1020_______345/401______>6≤29
___Z_________1550_______1235_________444_______>6≤29
I have not included the impact resistance values of EN24T due to lack of column space and the fact there is no corresponding value for silver steel. Actally there are very few corresponding characterisitics for silver steel other than its hardness.
These are the Mechanical Properties of Silver Steel
Tempering °C________HRc ______HB
___120____________65/63_____683/652
___150____________64/62_____683/652
___200____________62/61_____652/627
___250____________59/58_____600/587
___300____________56/53_____561/524
___350____________54/53_____536/524
___400____________50/58_____587/488
As you can see, even when Silver Steel is fully tempered it is significantly harder than any heat treated EN24 and even in its annealed supplied form is only just in the same ball park as EN24T.
The tensile strength of Silver steel is around 750 N/mm², which is significantly weaker than EN24T.
As you can see from the above, the two materials both have very admirable characteristics but are clearly different and intended for different purposes.
The most vulnerable point on a shaft is the shoulder at the turbine end, where you only have typically 6mm of material. Tensile strength, heat resistiance and impact resistance are all highly important at this point.
Remember that Silver Steel is also know as Piano Wire, often uses for model under carriage leg components. I am sure we have all have found how easy it is to fractured piano wire when trying to make under carriage components. If we consider that the part of the shaft at the shoulder where the turbine is seated is no bigger than an under carriage leg then may be this gives a good clue as to the vulnerablity of that part of the shaft.
Considering the heat cycling that is typical of an operation shaft at that most vulnerable point, I do not believe there is any surface or heat treatment that would overcome the significant differences between the two materials basic characteistics to make the use of Silver Steel a viable and safe option for a model gas turbine shaft.
Just briefly going back to the story of the sheared shaft and the turbine wheel that skipped across the car bonnet. The final resting place of the turbine was never found but judging by the damage to the car bonnet it will have gone a considerable distance further!
If you use the shafts that you have made then can I recommend extreme care about where you run them.
I am not saying that they will fail for certain but the chances of failure are significantly higher than the same shaft made from EN24T.
Very best regards
James
Hey Pieter, die past daar zéker in, ik had echter iets sportievers in gedachten.....mooi motortje voor in een hawk![]()
Hey Pieter, die past daar zéker in, ik had echter iets sportievers in gedachten.....
@Sandor, tnx, zal het in gedachten houden. Enig idee wat voor accupakket ik minimaal kan gebruiken? (manual start) Heb een hausl300 pompje en op mijn testbank zie ik 5.4volt max power, ampere meter gaat maar tot 3A maar ik vermoed ergens rond de 4,5A. Zou een dubbele lipo (7,4v) met ongeveer 1000mAh voldoende zijn voor een enkele vlucht mét reserve?
Grtz,
Gerald
wow das hoog welke hausl gebruik je nu?
30020SP?
ik zou wel naar deze pomp toe gaan scheelt wel wat in verbruik.
en betere acceleratie.
wat is nu je pompwaarde bij max rpm?.(sorry zie het net pas)
259 is een goede waarde eigenlijk
ieder geval je fadec gaat door totdat je accu leeg is.
ik zou persoonlijk gaan voor een 1600 mah 20C 7,4 lipootje lekker ligt en genoeg power.
ik zie wel nogal wat knel punten in je bandstof toevoer. haaks en een ball valve
geen filter achter je pomp? riskant voor je smering.
1 small messing deeltje en je smeernaald zit potdicht.